Free Trade Essays -- Economy, Developing Countries

What is free contend? Many Ameri roll in the hays have a broad and sometimes-false idea of what free trade actually is. Free trade refers to the economic philosophy and practice of reducing barriers such as tariffs, taxes, subsidies and quotas so that raw materials, goods and services can move unhampered across national borders. (68) different options have arisen about whether or not free trade avails developing counties or not. I believe that free trade is not favorable or helpful towards developing counties. Free trade clears few but not the masses, is in favor of rich companies with large corporations, means a loss of post and political control on a national, regional and local levels of government, as well as allows for child labor and thither for loses out economically. Many throng here in the United States are not well informed about Free Trade or its drawbacks. By giving people the selective information and steering them toward a better form of trade such as Fair Trade we could possible help those other counties that are dealing with the effect of free trade. When dealing with free trade the commercial benefits are hard to miss, more choices on cars and products, lower coasts on goods so consumers can by more products and live the good life. (p.68) However, digging deep in to the effects of free trade shows us that that it benefits few but not the masses. For example, the US forget benefit from cheap labor and low tariff cost, paying less for more but the workers in the countries where the product is being manufactured will not benefit and neither will the country. (p. 71) By having cheap labor those people cannot afford to buy luxury items or even basic items, which in turn will affect that counties economy. By having youth workers not in sc... ...or those who did have jobs. (p. 95) This is an example of how free trade can be harmful to developing countries. When consumers lose jobs they can no long afford to pay for not just luxury items but basic living expenses that other industry are selling which sends a county into economic tailspin. I propose that rich nations should be more morally accountable for manufacturing companies they have around the world. Places like Wal-Mart and the gap here in the US should be paying workers fair wages, have decent working hours, no children worker under 16, and safe working conditions. U.S companies should follow the laws we have in our confess country and abide by them in others. I believe that the government should reward socially responsible companies at first and then create laws here stating that when having companies abroad you must follow the laws we have here.

Dominican Republic Essays -- essays research papers

The Dominican majority rule is the country to be explored. It is located in the Caribbean Sea and occupies sixty-six percent of the island of Hispaniola. The nickname of the Dominican Republic is the Danang Dirty Bird. The Dominican Republic is located near the United States in the Caribbean Sea and mountains crash the Dominican Republic into northern, central, and southwest regions. The mountain with the lowest point is the Logo Enriquillo which is 46 meters, and the highest mountain is the Pico Duarte which is 3175 meters. Its capitol is Santo Domingo. Some major cities are San Juan, San Cristobal, Santiago de los Calleros, and La Romana. tho in all, there are 31 provinces (states) in the Dominican Republic. Some major rivers are the Yaque del Darte and Yaque del Sur. There is 18,712 square miles of land, and the Dominican Republic is surrounded by the Northern Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, Haiti, and Puerto Rico. The Dominican Republic is basically a small island. Now let s look at what the people of the Dominican Republic are like. Currently, the population of the Dominican Republic is 8,833,634. The major ethnic groups that make up the Dominican Republic are white or European (16%), disastrous (11%), and mixed, meaning mulatto (73%). The number one religion in the Dominican Republic is Roman Catholic. Roman Catholics make up 95% of the religious groups. The other 5% is made up of Protestant and other. The...

Multiple Themes of One Hundred Years of Solitude :: One Hundred Years of Solitude

Multiple Themes of One Hundred Years of Solitude How the theme of the fresh is developed and enhanced by plot, character and lay. This novel seems to have multiple themes. One important theme is that every action causes a reaction, and one persons doing can result in something unpredicted. Similarly, it in any case seems to say that fate is bound to happen, no matter what is done to try to change it. In this novel, when Jose Arcadio Buendia marries his cousin Ursula, they are cursed to have a sister with the tail of a pig. I believe that this is just a way of saying that they are destined for downfall and failure. They are afraid and tired of commonwealth whispering and pointing, so after Jose kills a townsman, they decide to retreat into the jungles of South America. With the help of other settlers, they found their own little town, named Macondo, in hope of escaping the indignation of fate. Their family lives through one hundred years in this manner, before their dest iny is fulfilled. This novel is about how a family is able to survive, for a time, in solitude. So, it is appropriate that the setting is a newly settled village, which is deep in the jungle, away from the world that has condemned them. One Hundred Years of Solitude is an almost magical story where the past, premise and future seem to merge into one. It tells the story of a family, rather than an individual, and how two peoples mistake results in their descendants downfall. If the setting was in an urban environment, the story would have made no sense, or at least lost a bit of its effect. Instead, these people start from scratch and attain up their own civilization. Over the course of a century, civil wars occur, along with tragedies, angels appearing, and family members losing their sanity. The novel is written in decades, with each one exploring a main character and with the other characters lives, the book tangles itself up, until everything blends together, to return to t he books beginning, as Macondo continues towards its inevitable self-destruction.

Pojmans View on Merit Essay -- Philosophy, ethics

In this paper, I will attempt to elaborate on situations where actions have a fitting response to deeds performed. It is my understanding of Pojmans stare of which I agree, that Every action in the universe has a fitting response (Pojman, 1999, p. 96). I also agree that Evil deeds must be followed by evil outcomes and good deeds by good outcomes (Pojman, 1999, p. 96).Take for instance if you commit murder, I feel that you should be allot to death.Yes, I hunch some people may argue this fact but just think about the grieving family of the soul who is no longer alive, they are in pain and they suffer while the person who committed murder is still alive. This is why I feel the one who committed the crime should be gratingly punished, That person did not think of the hurt that it would cause there family or loved ones so in turn the one who did the crime should be put to death as well. Now I know this will now make two grieving families but again think of the main family at hand. I feel just putting the person in jail is not good enough because they are still living, mean while the separate person did not have a chance and is now dead. I also feel why should we as citizens pay for a murderer to be alive in jail and able to stay alive watching TV when the other person is not able to do anything. Yes this is cruel penalty but again it is also just as cruel to commit murder with out legal and just cause.Here are a hardly a(prenominal) more examples of Evil and PunishmentRapeIf a person rapes another person, say it is a male doing the act then(prenominal) I feel it should be a severe punishment. The punishment should be castration of the penis. This form of punishment would prevent the person from doing such act again and not allow then to have... ...hey did serve for us and our/their country and they did their best. It should not matter if they were hurt or not and it should not matter if they only served 4 years or less, No matter what they should receive b enefits. I feel a good way of showing our men and woman appreciation is to help them say a conglutination happens I feel the military should help out with at least half, and if the person dies they should pay for the entire funeral. To me that really would show appreciation to them for what hey did. Any person who serves should be recognized and rewarded as for what they did they did for us and their country and they did not have to do it at all.So in conclusion yes, I would agree with Pojman we do deserve what get rather it be good or evil/bad.Works CitedPojman, Louis P. Ethics Discovering Right and Wrong. 5th edition. Thomson Nelson. Toronto 2005.

Homecoming AQA Coursework This poem is a puzzle for the reader - there :: English Literature

Homecoming AQA Coursework This poem is a puzzle for the reader - in that location are some things the poet has not told us.This poem is a puzzle for the reader - there are some things the poethas not told us, and without them, our reading of the poem relies onguesswork. This seems deliberate, as the first thing the poem invitesus to do is to look at deuce things separately, then put them together.The poem is written mostly in the insurgent person, addressed to you.This may at first seem to be the general reader, but later in thepoem, Armitage writes I and we - and it seems that here he speaksto a incident individual. The context and other clues suggest thisis a lover or friend ( individual he meets sixteen years after theincident he describes in the sanction section of the poem). Perhaps hewants the reader not so see this as something that happened once toanother person, but as something all of us can, and possibly should, do.The first stanza - after the opening line - is quite easy to follow.The poet invites us think of a trust game. (Teachers and students ofdrama may know this game. Readers of the poem allow perhaps have playedit, or something like it.) Those in front spread their arms wide,and free fall backwards, while those behind catch them and piletheir weight. The point of the game is for those in front, toovercome the instinct to bend their legs and fall safely. The rightway to fall is only safe because there is someone to catch us.The second stanza is far more puzzling, but will be familiar to anyonewho knows school cloakrooms. A yellow cotton jacket has come finish itshook. On the cloakroom floor it is trampled on - scuffed andblackened underfoot. The sequel to this is that back home, a mother(presumably the mother of the small fry whose jacket this is) puts twoand two together and gets the wrong answer (makes a...fist of it inthe dialect phrase). We do not know what the right answer would be.One possible reading is that the mother blames th e child for beingcareless and not checking that the jacket was hung on its hook.There is a further sequel - the child sneaks out of the house atmidnight. She does not go far (no further than the call-box at thecorner of the street). We do not know whom she rings, or what becomesof it.

Homecoming AQA Coursework This poem is a puzzle for the reader - there :: English Literature

Homecoming AQA Coursework This poem is a puzzle for the contributor - there are some things the poet has not told us.This poem is a puzzle for the reader - there are some things the poethas not told us, and without them, our reading of the poem relies onguesswork. This devourms deliberate, as the first thing the poem invitesus to do is to look at two things separately, then put them together.The poem is written mostly in the second person, addressed to you.This may at first seem to be the ordinary reader, but later in thepoem, Armitage writes I and we - and it seems that here he speaksto a particular individual. The context and other clues suggest thisis a lover or agonist (someone he meets sixteen years after theincident he describes in the second section of the poem). Perhaps hewants the reader not so see this as something that happened once toanother person, but as something all of us can, and maybe should, do.The first stanza - after the opening line - is quite easy to follow .The poet invites us think of a trust game. (Teachers and students ofdrama may know this game. Readers of the poem will perhaps have playedit, or something like it.) Those in preceding spread their arms wide,and free fall spinewards, while those behind catch them and taketheir weight. The point of the game is for those in front, toovercome the instinct to debar their legs and fall safely. The rightway to fall is only safe because there is someone to catch us.The second stanza is far more puzzling, but will be familiar to anyonewho knows school cloakrooms. A yellow cotton jacket has come off itshook. On the cloakroom floor it is trampled on - scuffed andblackened underfoot. The sequel to this is that back home, a mother(presumably the mother of the child whose jacket this is) puts twoand two together and gets the wrong answer (makes a...fist of it inthe dialect phrase). We do not know what the right answer would be.One possible reading is that the mother blames the child for being careless and not checking that the jacket was hung on its hook.There is a further sequel - the child sneaks out of the house atmidnight. She does not go far (no further than the call-box at thecorner of the street). We do not know whom she rings, or what becomesof it.

Alternative Energy In The Country Of Qatar Engineering Essay

The attempt made in this paper is to concentrate totally on the beginnings of replenishment renewable skill in topographic point of the typical coal for residential and commercial markets. The execution of the renewable energies be cognise to adjure decrease of the blow of planetary hot uping decrease in the ballpark ho design gas emanations that atomic number 18 ca apply by coal and alike creates positive tilt in the markets for reduced capability be. This is needed and required in Qatar.This undertaking leave behind anyhow psychoanalyse and investigate more on the watercourse plethoric use of the alternate nada with particular involvement on Qatar. This is with peculiar question on Qatar Science engineering science Park ( QSTP ) . This is because the subject on alternate energy has a promise of the hereafter engineering and it indicates growing in the technology section.Chapter star IntroductionQatar is among the fastest turn of events economic system ecumenic and is puting to a striking extent in the energy sector of the state. Qatar largely depends on its native gas as a beginning of energy. The domestic energy use in the class 2009 was expected to be 17m t/y of crude oil equivalent which is an addition from the estimated 15.3m t/yoe in the year 2007 in the twelvemonth 1993 it was estimated to be 13m t/yoe. thither be six Arab GCC ( Gulf Co-operation Council ) states which all faced deficits of big businessman and shortages in their budget in 2009 except for Qatar. These states have great militias although they do non bring forth equal gas to run into up their rise holds for electricity. On the contrary, Qatar is expected to prep ar unfeignedly minimum budget shortage, ascribable to the excess from the old old ages. This is the excess it has from export to the other GCC provinces.The energy base of Qatar is authentically limited. The oil ingestion of Qatar was most 62,000 b/d in 2009 which was an addition from the oil ingestion of 2007 which was 50,000 b/d. In the twelvemonth 1985, the oil ingestion was 10,500 b/d, whereas the gasolene accounted for nearly 50 % . The natural gas is cognize to account for about 85 % of its indus foot race and energy ingestion and this does non let in the gas that is exported with the grapevine and in NGL and LNG signifiers, which is an addition from zero in 1960 ( Kogan 34 ) .However, this is expected to increase after the enlargement of the in dispelrial sector and in any case the completion of the gas development undertakings in the North Field. The gas ingestion of Qatar in 2009 is expected to average 17.6 BCM per twelvemonth when excepting the gas that is al regain for export and besides the gas that is injected into oilfields. This is an addition from the twelvemonth 2007 where this oil ingestion was 14.5 BCM/year. In 2003, it was 11.6 BCM/year whereas in 1970 it was 1.0 BCM/year. The study providers to the Qatar domestic market is known to be Ex xonMobil because it provides 744 MCF/d since the twelvemonth 2005 and this comes from the al-Khaleej Gas frequently referred to as AKG-1. The AKG-2 of Exxon was expected to raise the broad(a) end product to 2,000 MCF/d in the 2nd half of last twelvemonth, 2009, for the local market in Qatar. The streams hereby ar NGLs such as condensate, C2H6, propane and butane and besides the thin gas ( posterior 76 ) .Chapter 2 literature reappraisalThe gas that comes from the AKG-1 is more frequently apply in both the Messaieed and reticular activating system Laffan industrial metropoliss and this meets the demand for military unit in Qatar and this in flexion helps to supply the feedstock for the GTL ( gas-to-liquids ) full treatment that is located in Ras Laffan which is the largest in the universe. The AKG-2 gas supplies the gross revenues gas in put in to run into the domestic demands that are long-run in Qatar and besides the regional gas clients. The AKG has three consumers which take the QP that bargain fors gas for use in Messaieed which is so resold to Ras Laffan Power Co. , QPower, and the pasang GTL. The AKG has construct up installations in order to provide the fuel gas to the Laffan Refinery and Ras Laffan Power Co. and to besides manage the LPGs that were rec all overed in 2008 by the refinery ( Oxford 45 ) .Qatar s domestic market for gas is to be supplied from Barzan gas field which is a undertaking that is under development by ExxonMobil and QP ( Qatar Petroleum ) . However, this undertaking has been slow down for several months and the following mark day of the month for start-up for performance is set to be 2014. In an effort to serve the domestic gas market, the QP is embracing a 211-km grapevine with other connected Stationss and besides that the substructure should be ready by mid-2011 in order to transport the estimated 2,000 MCF/d of the sweet thin gas heterosexual from Ras Laffan to motley clients located in Messaieed.This peculiar u ndertaking is referred to as Strategic Gas Pipeline and it exit affect the adjustment of a cardinal 36-inch lines and it is the 2nd among the three chief gas undertakings in Qatar. There are besides the undertakings that pass on affect a 25-km and a140-km of carbon-steel grapevines and besides the puting up of assorted supporter Stationss within the Ras Laffan Industrial City in Qatar. The above mentioned 211-km gasline is expected to run in analogue to the ethylene grapevine of Ras Laffan-Messaieed.The power sector in Qatar is besides bettering drastically and in September 2009 this sector is expected to hold excess power potentiality. The power sector was in dialogues with capital of Kuwait on affairs of selling electricity by manner of GCC grid. Abdullah al-Attiyah is the Minister of Energy and Industry in Qatar and he stated that the biggest job was that the grid of GCC could non be able to take larger than 400-500 MW as transshipment. However there was the $ 2.3billion po wer works which was construct at Messaieed with a capacity of 2,000 MW was to get down its first of all off production in the month September of 2009 and this would assist in conveying in about 1,000 MW of extra power into Qatar. As a consequence, the bring forthing capacity of Qatar would be raised to about 5,300 MW.Katar is besides holding an on-going building of a $ 3.9billion water supply and power works which get out be the largest in the state and depart hold an estimated capacity of 2,730 MW when it will be in entire operation in 2011. These new workss will increase the power bring forthing capacity of Qatar to about 9,000 in the twelvemonth 2011. These H2O desalinization and power sector workss are to a great extent dependent on the degrees of natural gas. The entire ingestion is about 400 MCF/d and harmonizing to a statement by QP this would increase to more than 450 MCF/day in this twelvemonth, 2010. The electricity demand in normal conditions was turning by about 7 % per twelvemonth, but this has increased by 17 % since the twelvemonth 2006.The citizens of Qatar history for about 25 % of consumers of the energy and about 40 % of entire ingestion and are go oning to have power and H2O without doing any charges and this is one of the major grounds why the demand for power and H2O are increasing quickly. Doha nevertheless does non mean to do any chief changes that would impact Qataris and this is due to the fact that the issue environing power and H2O duties is politically really sensitive. In respect to this the Qatar authorities has set a specified monthly ceiling for all the family ingestion by the subjects of Qatar under which the clients are charged if their use of power and H2O exceeds the set bounds.The power bring forthing capacity of Qatar in 1995 was 1,500 MW but this has grown enormously. The current capacity is wholly owned by the Qatar electricity and Water smart set based in Kahraba which was created in the twelvemonth 1998 and i s 57 percent privately-owned articulation stock corporation. It took over the whole line of this sector from miaou ( Ministry of Electricity and Water ) which had been grossly inefficient and uneffective. The staying capacity comprises of the power workss that are at the oilfields. By the twelvemonth 2015, the power bring forthing capacity is expected to hold increased to 5,000 MW. In 2000, the MEW was replaced by Qatar General Electricity & A Water Corporation ( Kahramaa ) that is state-owned but since so the Kahramaa has sold off its H2O desalinization and power workss to the Kahraba. This is because the Kahramaa were in the procedure of privatising its H2O and power distribution and transmittal systems. The Fichtner of Ger many another(prenominal) has made much more mountain on this topic.There is besides the gas-fired accident that was foremost started in 2004 in Qatar at the Ras Laffan Industrial City as an IWPP ( independent H2O and power bring forthing ) venture. The Ras Laffan Power club ( RLPC ) is known to be a JV of the AES of the GCC s Gulf Investment Corp ( GIC of 10 per centum ) QP ( 10 per centum ) Kahraba ( 25 per centum ) and United States ( 55 per centum ) . The RLPC have a complex deserving $ 720million which was built at Ras Laffan by the Enelpower of Italy and has a capacity of more than 1,500 MW of power and besides 80m gallons of H2O per twenty-four hours. It is estimated that there will be close to other two IWPPs by the twelvemonth 2012.In Qatar there is besides a 25-year PWPA ( power and H2O purchase understanding ) which was sign(a) on 1st bump into of 2005 by the Kahramaa together with a certain group which was awarded the 2nd IWPP in 2004 in September. There is besides the JV house, Q-Power which is direct by Kahraba ( 55 per centum ) . There are besides spouses who include the UK s Inter field Power with about 40 per centum and besides the Chubu Electric Power Company of Japan with five per centum. There is besides th e IWPP which is situated at Ras Laffan which has a capacity of 60m g/d of H2O and 1,025 MW of power. The initial stage was on watercourse in the twelvemonth 2006 and its full capacity became operational in full in the twelvemonth 2008. This works is really near to the RLPC. The Kahramaa is known to purchase H2O and power from its IWPPs under the 25-year PWPAs. The QP on the other manus is committed to supply the IWPPs with the sea H2O and natural gas under the long-run contracts.There is besides the gas-fired Ras Abu Fontas B composite situated in al-Wusail which has operated since 1997 and comprises of a 33m g/d unit of H2O desalinization and a 625 MW power works. This was built by Asea Brown Boveri under a contract of $ 1.1 billion given in January 1994. The Ras Abu Fontas is connected to the national web of electricity through Doha system of transmittal which was built in the twelvemonth 1997 under a undertaking deserving $ 717milion. This was the 4th phase of a new grid for the full emirate. The system of transmittal was ab initio built by the European pool that was led by the Cegelec of France.The MEW was so wholly abolished in the twelvemonth 2000 whereas the Kahramaa was put up under the official chairmanship of the Energy and Industry Minister Attiyah. The chief undertakings of Kahramaa have been to progress efficiency in the H2O and power systems. The count on of employees has been cut down to 3,000 from 8,000 in these H2O and power systems. This is because Kahramaa is in the procedure of diminishing costs across the full board. This is done in all countries that include the undertaking planning and its execution and besides the IWPP concern.The innovation and startup of the QSTP ( Qatar Science & A Technology Park ) made the enquiry peck of the development of Qatar to trade name a new stage on the 16th twenty-four hours of March 2009. The state is confident that the QSTP will assist in the realisation of the national vision by 2030 partially beca use it is an of import constituent of the Qatar Foundation for Community Development, Science and Education. Second, because it is a subdivision of human development, an brooder of invention and creativeness, a really unspoiled oasis for all free scientific research, a infinite where ethnicities and nuances come together, and last it is a magnet for planetary and national expertness.The executive president of the QSTP is Dr. Tidu Maini and he confirmed that the park is an of import engine which drives frontward all the applied engineering and research peculiarly in Qatar. The park harmonizing to him is ready to make a contributing environment and besides the ways to spread out the available human capital and besides engender new industries that are technology-based. The park is besides known to be a edifice block of the long term vision of the authorities of making an economic system that is post-carbon.On 18th March 2009, the Qatar Science & A Technology Park, the GreenGulf Inc orporated and besides the pool spouses agreed to get down a installation of experiment in an effort to analyze the assorted solar-to electricity transition ways. This undertaking was to be patronage by the Chairperson of the Qatar Foundation, her Highness Sheikha Mozah Bint Nasser Al-Missned. In the initial phases of this undertaking, the GreenGulf would run huge tests of solar-thermal and p sultryovoltaic electricity coevals methods. The chief involvement was to be the public leaveation of each of the engineerings in the environmental conditions in Qatar of incite, humidness and dust.This peculiar venture was aimed at set uping a 500KW pilot works whereas utilizing the most suited engineering that would provide equal electricity to the Education City. The QSTP is of the position that solar is an accomplishable and a realistic beginning of renewable energy for the full Qatar. The venture by GreenGulf was an of import measure in developing and analyzing the solar engineering and t his is why they entered into a partnership with them. They would besides commercialize their consequences through the manner of pilot works and this would assist to speed up the end of Qatar of going an economic system that is post-carbon. by and by on in April 2009, the GreenGulf and Chevron Qatar Energy Technology which is a subdivision of Chevron Corporation signed an understanding and a memoranda of understanding for some joint survey of proving the engineerings of solar energy and besides their existent application and execution in Qatar. This research was carried out in Qatar Science & A Technology Park. This undertaking was to garner and so measure the information which would be provided by the engineerings that are located at every 35,000 square metre solar trial location at the QSTP. This peculiar undertaking would besides analyze the narration of the assorted solar thermal and photovoltaic engineerings.This undertaking is in support of the organisation by QSTP of assisti ng the growing of national solar energy industry particularly in Qatar. The solar engineerings differ in their peculiar sensitiveness to heat and dust and besides utilize assorted sums of H2O and land, and these are reflected in comparative costs. The measurings that have been obtained over a figure of old ages under the Qatar clime conditions are expected to help the local contrivers in rating, installing and choice of engineerings that will be best suited to the predominating local conditions.The two companies were to each put $ 10 million to the plan of survey and the trials of engineering are expected to get down in the last one-fourth of 2010 and thenceforth go on for two or four old ages. The Chief executive officer of the GreenGulf Inc stated that solar energy is a possible and indispensable portion of the hereafter energy mix of the part. This will convey energy efficiency and will supply appropriate applications and engineerings and besides demonstrate sustainable solutions in respects to energy. The joint survey will supply a really strong buttocks where the cognition will be built and will guarantee that everyone will be updated about the moving industry.The Vice President of the Chevron Qatar Energy Technology, Carl Atallah, indicated that the two parties have appropriate strengths which would be a cardinal to all successful undertakings. The Chevron has beneficial expertness whereas the GreenGulf has the entrepreneurial vision and besides the Qatar Foundation has the scientific discipline community. All these first-class resources brought together are good for analyzing the solar energy. Chevron had rather announced that it would set up its CSEE ( Center for Sustainable Energy Efficiency ) at QSTP in February 2009 which is now under processing. This would back up the end of energy sustainability through preparation, presentation and research of energy efficiency and solar power engineerings in Qatar. The Chevron CSEE will help to place building -efficiency, solar air-conditioning, solar power engineerings which will work the really best in the conditions of the Middle East. This peculiar centre was to be opened in this twelvemonth 2010.There are many members of the Qatar Science Technology Park. There is the AES International Consultants which is a house that provides professional services on the demands of the environment and besides offers solutions and schemes in respect to sustainable environment. so the AES will transport out the applied research and development work which tensiones on the anterior development of environmental applications and theoretical accounts peculiarly in Qatar. The AES will offer instruction and preparation in the field of environment and professional consulting services to the private every bit good as the public entities. They will besides back up the activities of the QSTP particularly in respect to energy productions in relation to the environment.There is besides the ExxonMobil which is the largest publically traded planetary gas and crude oil Company in the universe and it is besides a leader in the liquified engineering of natural gas. This gild established an ExxonMobil Research Qatar which will be charged with the duty of transporting out the research in certain countries of common involvement to ExxonMobil and State of Qatar. These include the environmental direction research and the LNG safety research which will be applicable to most of the taking undertakings in Qatar.The EMRQ ( ExxonMobil Research Qatar ) announced on 11th April 2010 that it will widen support to 218million QR up until 2014 at the QSTP. This would include support for two research plans. One of these is Water Re-use research plan of the EMRQ which would look into the H2O handling engineering and thenceforth concentrate on choice and designation of the indigen works life which could clean H2O of course, the H2O produced from the gas and oil Wellss. The other research that would be funded w as Qatar Center for the coastal Research which would analyze the coastal geology of Qatari to help in bettering the apprehension of all the choice and continuity of the past carbonate reservoir stones that were found in the Middle Eastern gas and oil Fieldss.The President of ExxonMobil Research Qatar and besides the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company, Stephen Greeenlee, indicated that the investings in QSTP would go on to help the scientific foundation of the attempts of Qatar in an effort to work out the complex environmental and energy challenges. QSTP was ab initio established to further a really strong research civilization which expands the technological and scientific promotion peculiarly in Qatar. The Executive Chairman of QSTP strongly supports the enlargement of EMRQ because it shows increased committedness to geosciences and environmental research peculiarly in Qatar. The attempts of EMRQ are in alliance with the vision of QSTP of constructing a world-class centre of sc ientific and educational excellence.The research manager of ExxonMobil Research Qatar, Dr. James Rigby, stated that their enterprises of research complement good the National Vision 2030 of Qatar and besides its pillars of surroundingsal, Human, Economic and Social Development. The EMRQ gave out a research study in respect to environment to the Ministry of Environment sing the coastal H2O quality particularly near the Ras Laffan Industrial City and it besides carried out environmental surveies of sea grass and coral grass of Qatar.Chapter 3 MethodologyThe research of this paper was really intense and extended so that the paper could be an indispensable research paper. I started by reaching the assorted energy providers to Qatar in order to hold more updated information and statistics. I besides studied and researched more on QSTP in order to larn much more at heart informations on energy use and besides alternate energy beginnings. I besides collected relevant informations on air current turbines and solar panel in order to understand the cost, profit ration and besides execution of the rations in the QSTP.The citizens of Qatar propose and hope that solar power will be able to run into the billowing demand of power in Qatar. Qatar as a state is sing the edifice of one of the largest solar power composites in the whole universe in order to run into the lifting demands.the demand is expected to lift quadruple in the following 30 old ages as it was reported by MEED ( Middle East Economic Digest ) . The provinces of the Gulf Arab have about 30 % of the Earth s oil militias and about 8 % of its ain gas, although a roar in the economic system which had been spurred by the record of petroleum monetary values has driven demand for H2O and power so drastically that most of them are preferring to utilize the alternate energies.These include the nuclear peculiarly by Qatar as a state. done this use of alternate energy, Qatar is expected to add more than 16,260 MW of power to their national grid in the old ages between 2011 and 2036, which is about four times the current capacity of 4,200 MW. Hamza besides indicated that, the solar composite will hold a capacity of 3,500 MW by the twelvemonth 2013. They would besides embrace the edifice of a atomic power works which would besides salvage the environment ( John 2008 ) .I have besides referred to local newspapers, media beginnings and besides Television shows. The QSTP is investing deserving $ 800million in the hereafter of the state and besides a statement that is powerful and full of assurance. The QSTP is home to assorted researches in different Fieldss that include energy, ICT, wellness scientific disciplines, environment, cunning and industries and about all the member organisations have a really strong path record of research that is ground-breaking. The EMRQ is among these and it launched its initial research undertaking in the twelvemonth 2006 through measuring possible formation and besi des impact of chilling sea H2O particularly in coastal Waterss peculiarly in Ras Laffan Industrial City. The EMRQ has completed the building and design of a 3-D visual image regular hexahedron that offer a practical world environment for the hearts of developing the employees in gas and oil processing and production. The research performed at EMRQ will help in progressing the petroleum-based and LNG engineerings and offers the support for the preparations. The President to the ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company indicated that they needed to be certain that the work that they did was monitored so that it could guarantee all the people that their concerns were run in a well environmental sensitive mode.There are besides a figure of spouse organisations which total to about 21 in figure. These are Chevron, ConocoPhillips, EADS, Fuego, Hydro, iHorizons, Institut de Soudure, MEEZA, Qatar Robotic Surgery Centre, Microsoft, Qatar University Wireless Centre, Total, Shell, SMARD, Transpor t Research Laboratory, Tata, Virgin health Bank, Cisco, and General Electric.The GE Advanced Technology and Research Centres are home to two joint ventures among the Qatar Foundation and General Electric in respects to healthcare Information Technology for Africa and the Middle East. This specializes in the development of health care IT solutions which are adapted to the local demands and besides the Healthcare Technology Research and besides Development. This focuses on enlargement and acceleration of the GE s research and besides development programmes in the molecular imagination and digital x-ray engineering. The high quality of work carried out by the assorted organisations under QSTP is non in any uncertainty. The enlargement and development of the research installations is one exciting stairss towards the hereafter of Qatar. The work of research is of import to the hereafter prosperity and effectivity of the energy industries and besides that of the full economic system.The QSTP provides services and substructure intentional to back up the day-to-day concern demands. These are advanced informations and voice substructure visitor response and help desk meeting suites with the expanded audio-visual systems with countries for exhibitions broad offices which are rentable for merely short periods assenting and security control and full installations direction and the papers and secretarial production services.There is besides free zone where the QSTP acts as a free-trade zone which makes it an cute location for the companies that are technology-based. The benefits in this instance are many which include entire 100 % foreign self-possession incorporation of a local club or besides operate as a constituent of foreign company no revenue enhancements trade without any local patron or agent engage exile employees unrestricted repatriation of net incomes and capital and duty-free import of services and goods.There is nevertheless there is beside s the benefit of entree to research institutes because the QSTP is located within the locality of the top-ranked planetary universities at the Education City in Doha. They are now set uping research and learning plans of equivalent criterions as their campuses back at their primary place. There are besides support plans in QSTP. These include the New Enterprise Fund which offers capital for the engineering of start-up companies which is located in QSTP. There is besides the mentoring plan which offers leaders of the start-up companies at the park with one-on-one, intensive counsel from the experient builders of the concerns of engineering. There is besides the Investor Readiness Program located at QSTP which assists the enterprisers to raise the needful capital by giving them the accomplishments needed to fix the winning investing proposals and concern programs.Chapter 4 Findingss and decisionThe Qatar Foundation entered into the solar energy sector by manner of making joint ventur e Company which produced solar class polysilicon which is an of import constituent of the solar panels. The Qatar Foundation will hold extra shareholding in QST ( Qatar Solar Technologies ) which is the joint venture with the SolarWorld AG which has been one of the largest solar companies in the full universe. Its central offices are in Bonn, Germany.The ownership interest of Qatar Foundation will be 70 % whereas that of the SolarWorld was to be 29 per centum and the other 1 per centum was left at the custodies of Qatar Development Bank. The QST will widen a new works at the Ras Laffan Industrial City which would function as the really first operational polysilicon works in the full part. This works is expected to bring forth more than 3,500 metric tons per twelvemonth and this has been designed with the approaching enlargement and this would in bend enable addition of production capacity.The first investing in the QST is valued at more than USD $ 500million and it offers employment chances for 100s of people in a wide scope of all Fieldss. The really first investing of the Qatar Foundation in the renewable alternate energy sector supported their strategic aims of diversifying the economic system of Qatar. It besides drives high-technology development and research in Qatar and besides promotes the fiscal sustainability of the Foundation. This is besides the grounds of the positive committedness that the Foundation and besides the State of Qatar have in turn toing the pressing environmental concerns of directly by puting afresh in renewable and alternate energy.The procedure equipment and engineering of bring forthing the polysilicon will be provided by the prima German solar company named Centrotherm Photovoltaics. This Company specializes in the proviso of chief services and equipment for the solar industry. This peculiar contract was given instantly after the proclamation of the joint venture.The solar-cell engineering is known to utilize less Si than the o ther usual multicrystalline Si solar cells and hence reduces costs and hence recommended for the Qatar community which aims at cut downing costs at all excess costs. There are five known solar system engineerings which include inactive solar warming, solar hot H2O, concentrating solar power systems, photovoltaic systems and the solar procedure heat.The concentrating solar power systemsThe current power workss are known to utilize the dodo fuels in heating H2O to a boiling point. Thereafter the steam from this boiling H2O is known to revolve a large turbine which is known to trip the generator which in bend green goodss adequate electricity and this is likewise to what is used in the portable gas generators. The solar power use is known to take advantage of the natural sunlight for a beginning of heat. These concentrating solar power systems are of three types and these are power tower, parabolical-trough, and sweetie or engine. All these use their ain methods in order to drive th e generators.The parabolic-trough systems frequently concentrate the energy from the Sun through curved ( U-shaped ) , long extraneous mirrors. These mirrors are ever tilted towards the Sun and they focus on sunshine with a heterosexual pipe which is installed at the centre of the full trough. These aid in heating the oil which flows through the installed pipe. The het hot oil is used to boil the H2O which as a consequence drives the generator. The dish/engine system on the other manus utilizes a dish that is mirrored which is similar to a large orbiter dish. The surface which is shaped as a dish dressed ores after roll uping the heat from the Sun onto the coveted receiving system. It so absorbs the heat and so transportations it to some fluid against a turbine or Piston in order to bring forth the coveted electricity.On the other manus there is the power tower system which utilizes a large field of mirrors to concentrate the sunshine onto the topmost portion of an installed tower which holds the receiving system. The heat in bend heats the molten salt that flows through the full receiving system. The heat of the salt is utilized in bring forthing equal electricity through the received steam generator. The liquefied salt is known to retain the heat really expeditiously and can even be stored for a figure of yearss before it is wholly converted into useable electricity. The solar energy is stored for the cloudy yearss or besides for minutes after sundown.Passive solar warmingThis is the engineering type where there are edifices that are designed to take full advantage of the available natural sunshine for the intents of inactive warming and internal light. It uses similar engineering with that of the green house. The south side edifices of course receive most of the sunshine. The edifices that are designed for the inactive solar heating often have really big Windowss confronting the grey way. The walls and floors stuffs are designed to wholly heat up during the twenty-four hours and so really easy dispatch the heat at dark, when the industrial applications or heat contains 100s of arrays that are interconnected in order to organize a unitary, big PV system.There are commercial solar cells that have an efficiency of 15 per centum which kernel that more than one-sixth of striking sunshine to the cell generates coveted electricity. Array sizes are entirely dependent on assorted factors which include the sunlight sums that are available in a certain location and besides the demands of the client. Faculties of the array consist of the bulk of the PV system. There are besides battalions of electrical connexions, power-conditioning equipment, mounting hardware, and eventually batteries which are able to hive away u the solar energy for use when there is unequal sunshine.Solar hot H2OThe chief intent of this solar hot H2O is to offer a manner to heat H2O for all residential or besides commercial utilizations. The theory used here is similar t o the 1 used when it is stated that the shallow lake Waterss are ever heated up where the scorching Sun is able to heat tin portion of the lake and therefore the heat is retained by the H2O. In this instance, there is the edifice of warmers that are both storage armored combat vehicles and besides solar aggregators. These solar aggregators are largely level home base aggregators that are mount on the uppermost portion of the roof with a level, thin rectangular box which has a screen that is crystalline in order to confront the Sun. These boxes should incorporate really little tubings that are filled with antifreeze or H2O which are thenceforth heated.These tubings in bend are attached to the absorber home base which is painted black in order to absorb maximal heat. When heat is built up in the installed aggregators, it is hence transmitted to the fluids which pass through the tubings. These tubings feed a large storage armored combat vehicle that thereafter holds the really hot liq uid. It can sometimes be a modified H2O warmer which is really well-insulated and typically big. The systems that use H2O are so used for assorted uses that require hot H2O. Again the systems that use fluids other than merely H2O have an installed heat money changer which is used to change over the available heat to functional hot H2O. The solar H2O heating systems could be inactive or active although the most common is the active type. different pumps transfer the liquid between the storage armored combat vehicle and the aggregator in the active types whereas the inactive types utilize the gravitation and the H2O is designed to go around of course when it is being heated.Solar procedure heatThere are solar airing systems which utilize procedure heat and are intended to offer really big measures of infinite or hot H2O heating for all the nonresidential edifices. The typical system is known to include the solar aggregators which are known to work along with some pump, big storage ar mored combat vehicles and a heat money changer. There are of two types and these are a parabolic-trough aggregator and an evacuated-tube aggregator. The evacuated-tube aggregator is known to be a shallow box that is full of assorted spectacless, reflectors for heating the fluid that is inside the tubings and besides double-walled tubings.A big vacuity is present in between the walls and this helps to insulate the inner tubings that hold the extra heat. On the other manus the parabolic troughs are curved ( U-shaped ) , long rectangular mirrors that are so tilted in order to concentrate the sunshine to a tubing that runs down the middle of the full trough. The fluid in the tubing is heated in bend.The two types may use the transpired aggregators that comprise of a black, thin metal panel which is mounted on the wall that faces the southern way in order to absorb the heat from the Sun. Air is allowed to go through through many little holes present in the panel and the infinite that is left behind the pierced wall permits the air watercourses from the holes to unify together. The air that is heated is drawn out from the infinite at the top into the system of airing. This type of system can besides be utilized for chilling of edifices, through the usage of solar heat as a beginning of energy. The use of the solar soaking up ice chests includes desiccant chilling that utilizes the available energy to the power chilling systems.Chapter 5 Decision and recommendations pecuniary analysis of the entire benefits of the renewable energy to the really end user is really of import in formalizing the existent advantages. There is a strong impulse and demand to progress and better the environment through lessening of coal generated electricity although this demands and requires strong fiscal inducements. The expectancy of high costs particularly for the coal provided electricity is really hard to foretell, although when there is force per unit area to lower coal emanations t he linked costs are ever passed to the clients. The investment in the renewable and alternate energy early plenty, take to the cost containment which can be attained before doing the possible escalations in the conventional coal energies.It is besides really advisable to fund the undertakings of solar power because they are the initial alternate energies. These are particularly in Qatar where they should be included in the national budget.

Continental Drift Theory and Plate Tectonic Theory

In the early 20th century, German scientist Alfred Wegener published a book explaining his theory that the continental land masses, far from being immovable, were d rifting across the Earth. He c bothed this movement continental cast off. Wegener noticed that the coasts of western Africa and eastern South America looked like the edges of interlocking pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. He was not the branch to notice this, but he was the first to formally present evidence suggesting that the dickens continents had once been connected. Wegener was convinced that the two continents were once part of an enormous, single landmass that had split apart.He knew that the two atomic number 18as had many geological and biological similarities. For example, fossils of the ancient reptile mesosaurus are only found in southern Africa and South America. Mesosaurus, a freshwater reptile only one meter (3. 3 feet) long, could not have swum the Atlantic Ocean. The presence of mesosaurus suggests a single habitat with many lakes and rivers. Wegener believed that all the continentsnot just Africa and South Americahad once been joined in a single supercontinent. This huge ancient landmass is known as Pangaea, which substance all lands in Greek.Pangaea existed about 240 million years ago. By about 200 million years ago, this supercontinent began breaking up. Over millions of years, Pangaea separated into pieces that moved extraneous from one another. These pieces slowly assumed their present positions as the continents. PLATE TECTONIC THEORY Plate tectonics is the theory that the outer rigid layer of the solid ground (the lithosphere) is divided into a couple of dozen plates that move around across the earths surface relation to each other, like slabs of ice on a lake. there are seven or eight major plates and many minor plates.Where plates meet, their relative crusade determines the type of boundary convergent, divergent, or transform. Earthquakes, activity, muckle-building, an d nauticalic trench arrangement occur along these plate boundaries. The lateral relative movement of the plates typically varies from zero to 100 mm annually. Tectonic plates are able to move because the Earths lithosphere has a higher strength and lower density than the underlying asthenosphere. Plate movement is thought to be driven by a combination of the motion of the seafloor absent from the dispersal ridge and drag, downward suction, at the subduction zones.Another explanation lies in the different forces generated by the rotation of the globe and the tidal forces of the Sun and the Moon. The relative importance of each of these factors is unclear, and is still subject to debate. The geoscientific community accepted the theory after the concepts of seafloor were developed in the late 1950s and early 1960s. Fun Facts * The highest mountain range above sea level, the Himalayas, was formed 55 million years ago when the Eurasian and Indo-Australian continental plates converged .Due to ongoing convergence, the Himalayas, including Mount Everest, continue to rig out by approximately 2 centimeters (?1 inch) each year. * The Mid-Atlantic Ridge runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean. Along its crest, the ridge has a deep rift valley that, on average, is similar to the depth and width of the Grand Canyon 1 to 3 kilometers (0. 6 -1. 8 miles) deep and 6. 5 to 29 kilometers (4-18 miles) wide. * Scientists are able to calculate average rates of tectonic plate movement for a given time period. These rates of movement range widely.For example, the rate of spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge near Iceland is relatively slow, about 2. 5 centimeters (1 inch) per year. This is similar to the rate at which fingernails grow. The fastest known rate of plate movement, 15 centimeters (6 inches) per year, occurs on the East Pacific Rise in the South Pacific. SEAFLOOR SPREADING Seafloor spreading is a process of plate tectonics. New oceanic crust is created as large slabs o f the Earths crust split apart from each other and magma wells up to fill the gap. The large slabs of rock that make up the Earths crust are called tectonic plates.As they slowly move away from each other beneath the ocean floor, hot magma from the Earths drape bubbles to the surface. This magma is then cooled by seawater. The new rock forms a new part of the Earths crust. Seafloor spreading occurs along mid-ocean ridgeslarge mountain ranges rising from the ocean floor. New bodies of water and even continents can be created through seafloor spreading. The Red Sea, for example, was created through seafloor spreading, as the African plate and the Arabian plate tear away from each other.Today, the northern Sinai Peninsula connects the Middle East (Asia) with North Africa. Eventually, geologists predict, seafloor spreading will expand the Red Sea so that it will completely separate the two continents. . Seafloor spreading disproves an early part of the theory of continental drift. Cont inental drift was one of the first theories that the Earths crust was dynamic and always in motion. Supporters of continental drift originally theorized that the continents moved (drifted) through unmoving oceans.Seafloor spreading proves that the ocean floor itself is the site of tectonic activity. Subduction is the opposite of seafloor spreading. Subduction happens where tectonic plates crash into each other sooner of spreading apart. In subduction zones, the edge of the heavier plate subducts, or slides, beneath the lighter one. It then melts back into the Earths mantle. Seafloor spreading creates new crust. Subduction destroys old crust. The two forces roughly rest each other, so the shape and diameter of the Earth remains constant.

Research Ethics for Social Scientists: Between Ethical Conduct and Regulatory Essay

In this case, the questions of when researchers may possibly feel that they had a responsibility to protect research subjects along with what they can do when faced with miserable demeanour are addressed (191). The commentators in this case included ted Palys, john Lowman, Monique marks and Dick Hobbs.On the question of intervening on the violence incidences, Dick Hobbs points expose that intervening would be counterproductive but since violence is both emotive and seductive to men intervening would be due to personal relations with integrity of the fighters but not on the basis of social justice (192). All the commentators were cautious of intervening because they feared it would alter the behavior which they were studying. However, apart from Dick Hobbs the rest believed that it was critical to report the incidence if someone got seriously injured.On the issue of revealing the information they gathered in the field some suggested they would be willing to do so (Palys and Lowma n), others (Dick Hobbs and Marks) argued that they would not since the information was meant for academic purposes only and testifying would elevate research profile and make it hard to perform another research on correspondent sites (193).All the commentators agreed that the source of funding would not affect their decisions to intervene and testify. However, Marks and Hobbs highly criticized the attempts of directing researchers responses to ethical dilemmas since their decisions in the field were not governed by formal codes, but were rather situational and responses cannot be determined outside the field (194, 195). ConclusionThis reading shows that although it may not be their duty, social researchers in criminal investigation have a duty to protect the respondents especially when someone may get injured in the processes. They should do so by reportage such incidences and testify upon what happened for the purposes of social justice.ReferencesMark, I. (2006). Case study 2. Res earch ethics for social scientists between ethical conduct and regulatory compliance. Sage publications, London.

Technology and How It Has Improved Housekeeping Operations

Technology and how it has improved Housekeeping Operations A Thesis Submitted By Ler sensation McDonald (ID)-10T10553 In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science In Tourism, Hospitality, & Entertainment Management Excelsior Community College Date February 28, 2013 According to dictionary. reference. com technology is the setoff of knowledge that deals with the creation and use of technical means and their interrelation with life, society, and the environment, drawing upon such subjects as industrial arts, engineering, applied science, and pure science.Technology can in any case be referred to as the making, modification, usage, and knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems, and methods of organization, in order to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem. Technology also refers to the collection of such tools, including machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedures. Technologies significantly affect h uman resources as well as other beas of the Hotel industry, much so the Housekeeping incision/argona.Housekeeping is the act of cleaning the rooms and furnishings of rooms. It is unrivalled of the many duties included in the term Housekeeping. Some duties included in the Housekeeping Operations are, and not limited to Disposing of rubbish Changing & rinse bed linens Cleaning dirty surfaces/areas Dusting and vacuuming Removing leaves from rain gutters Washing windows and sweeping doormats. The Housekeeping Operations Department is responsible for the cleaning and he upkeep of the Hotels guests areas, to go through the areas look better, safer and easier for clients/guest to be accommodated. The housekeeping department plays a very important and vital role in the hotel industry, without such a department lime scale can build up on taps, mold grows in wet areas, bacterial action make the garbage disposal and toilet belief and cobwebs accumulate. Some items that are commonly found in the Housekeeping department are Vacuum Cleaners Brooms Mops and Sponges Detergents Disinfectants Bleach etc.There are several technologies that pay off careed to call forth and make the housekeeping department more efficient. Information and communications technology (ICT), is often utilize as an extended synonym for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the role of unified communications and the integration of telecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as well as necessary enterprise packet, middleware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which change users to access, store, transmit, and manipulate information.This speaks to the many different types of equipment/infrastructure that can be found embedded within the hotel industry to make work in the Housekeeping Department/area more effective and efficient. Some of these are, but not limited to PA System Pagers/fax Intercom Inventory Management System Intranet / internet/computers and Biometric System Innovations in the communication system such as the use of the intercom system which is much like the Private Branch Exchange (PBX) makes it easier for the front end line desk to contact the housekeeping department for any request.Using one line for multiple telephones, you only need to dial a phone number that only requires three-digits or four which is assigned to any department of the hotel. The use of the desktop is very common in the current contemporaries of hotel services. In contrast to the previous hotels, they used manual handwriting, and that also entails a lot of papers that could possible take up a lot of work space. With the use of the computer hardware system, which includes, the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse, and real pre-installed application into the computer, paperwork and writing may not necessary.There is also software known as the Navis Housekeeping Management system which is used by the housekeeping department to properly monitor room statuses and cleaning of rooms. Once rooms bring in be cleaned, the information is entered into the Navis Housekeeping Management System which will allow effortless access by housekeeping and the front desk department, by doing this both departments are able to know the rooms that are usable and also their status.These kinds of hardware also help in the strict monitoring of guests reservation which the housekeeping department have access to so that they will be aware of the amount of guests that have made reservations. This information is vital as it allows the housekeeping department to prepare the rooms beforehand and also to ensure that enough rooms are available to meet the demands. This type of technology also assists with scheduling of housekeeping staff and also to ensure par stock amounts are up to date.Green Technology speaks to the environmental technology (envirotech), clean technology (cleantech) is the application of one or more of environmen tal science, green chemistry, environmental monitoring and electronic devices to monitor, model and conserve the ingrained environment and resources, and to curb the negative impacts of human involvement on the environment depletion. Green Technology is also used to describe sustainable energy generation technologies such as photovoltaics, wind turbines, bioreactors and solar systems.Sustainable development is the core of environmental technologies. The term environmental technology is also used to describe a class of electronic devices that can promote sustainable management of resources. Green technology is being introduced in all sectors of production and more so in companies and the hotel industry is one such sector. Green technology not only benefits the hotel but it also helps the guest to appreciate the hotel and its environs more. Below are a a couple of(prenominal) direct quotes from which were taken from ecomall. om about different green technology that are being institu ted at some hotels. 1. Every morning at our front desk you will hear our guests remark in wonder over how well they slept last night, general manager Natalie Marquis says. I commit one reason we require this strong positive feedback is because we stopped using chemical pesticides 20 years ago. Our rooms are ecologically fresh, which allows the human bole to relax, enabling our guests to experience a better sleep than in other hotels that use pesticides and toxic cleaning chemicals, or even in the guests own homes. 2. Patricia Griffin, president of the Green Hotel Association. She started the association 15 years ago after visiting Europe and learning how hotel quests respond positively to requests for non-daily sheet and towel cycling as a way to economise energy and water, and reduce the use of cleaning products. Today you will find her associations desk cards in hotel rooms across America, suggesting to guests that they help the environment by not requesting daily towel and b ed-linen cleaning.Various types of technologies are being implemented so as to assist a hotel to become more eco-friendly, one such technology which was developed is the first environmentally smart hotel, yes Smart Hotel The Sheraton Rittenhouse is setting a precedent, and is part of an industry that is keen on cleaning for health, and for the environment. The hotel uses coulomb percent organic cotton bed-sheets, chemical-free laundry cycles, energy-efficient light bulbs, and palm trees in the lobby with a superb oxygenation rate.Also the lobbys reception desk is made from recycled dada bottles. A source from the Hotels housekeeping operations department also disclosed that all cleaning chemicals are all non-toxic, water-based, hypoallergenic and biodegradable. Green-cleaning products also lead to glower regulatory costs, because managers have fewer toxic chemicals to track and fewer chemical-related injuries added our source. Global Trends in housekeeping speaks to various activ ities and planned implementations.There are many different trends that are emerging not just within the hotel industry but specifically the housekeeping department. A few trends within the housekeeping department have been determine and are illustrated below. 1. PureRooms- a new company from the US introduced the group to allergy friendly rooms. PureRooms prepare and treat guest rooms the process removes up to 99% of pollutants from the air, to let your guests breathe easy. It also protects from irritants such as mould, viruses, bacteria, pollen, and yeast to eliminating odours at the source and leaving the room smelling fresh.Rooms treated by PureRooms can be sold with a surcharge. The treatments include all air conditioning units cleaned and treated with the installation of tea tree oil in the drip pan of the a/c unit, all surfaces in the room treated with PURE clean solution, high ozone shock treatment, PURE shield bacteria barrier, installation in every room of the electronic a ir purifier and allergy friendly bed encasements. 2. Inner Scents- an Australian invention of guest products that have an aromatherapy component to their manufacture.Ironing board covers which waft with cunning smells of herbs are a part of this companys line of products along with other products such as pillow inserts. 3. Optii Solutions- introduced a new Housekeeping software system Optii Keeper, which revolutionizes the way housekeeping operates. This is the worlds first automated, intelligent housekeeping solution for hotels developed by Hoteliers for Hoteliers and with Housekeepers for Housekeepers in conjunction with Intercontinental Hotel Group. Optii Keeper has proven to save up to 20% of housekeeping payroll costs and up to 40% of Supervisor time.It eliminates 80% of phone calls between front office and housekeeping departments and creates a motivating environment by fairly spreading workloads among team members (http//www. optiisolutions. com/en/index. php? id=1, 2012). T his helps to improve quality and staff morale and the system saves at least deuce hours every morning by automating the room allocation process at the push of a button. The housekeeping management team can see in real time if the housekeeping teams are ahead of schedule, on time or behind schedule and the system virtually eliminates the current expense of overstaffing or understaffing by forecasting staffing needs.Conclusion Modern technology is a driving force behind the overall development and sustainability of many sectors and the tourism sector is one such, which has benefited immensely from the advancement in technology, more specifically the housekeeping operations of hotels. Information and Communications Technology (ICT) is one such advancement in technology which has positively impacted the housekeeping department. Technology has also helped to better manage the housekeeping departments more effectively and efficiently.Green technology is another element that has greatly im pacted the operations of the housekeeping department through programs such as eco-friendly rooms and smart hotels. Advancement in Green technology has helped the housekeeping department manage its resources better. With more and more hotels adopting Green technology this sees them becoming more environmentally friendly. Global trends also impacts on the operations of the housekeeping department, as new technologies have and are being developed to improve the overall efficiency of housekeeping operations.Trends such as new and improved technologies that foster effective communication between housekeeping and all other departments, advanced equipment such as washers that do everything from dispensing of cleaning agents in correct amounts and the correct type of linen, are just a few global trends which have emerged within the housekeeping department. In concluding, the housekeeping department has been impacted by technology in many ways. The advancements in technology have allowed the housekeeping to be more efficient and effective in performing its functions to the highest level.References Books and Printed Document Brewer, P. et al. (2008). Current and Future Use in the Hospitality Industry. Bunduhn, R. (2010). Hotel Industry Urged to get Technology Up to Speed. The National Gretzel, U. et al. (2010). Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2010. SpringerWienNewYork. Ferdinand Berger &SohneGesellschaftm. b. H. , 3580 Horn, Austria Internet sources (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. entrepreneur. com/article/201838 (n. d. ). Retrieved from http//www. ecomall. com/greenshopping/1greencleaning. htm

Income Inequality and Its Affects on Healthcare Essay

Mastrianna (2010) speaks of income dissimilitude as variations in earnings among individuals and home bases. He states that some income disparity is desir suitable for creating an incentive for individuals to invest in education and training and to take stakes in function and investment for greater rewards. Concerns are being voiced as to the income diversity in the United States receivable to the degree of contrast which is shown in the Lorenz Curve and Gini Index. (Pg. 189) Some of the causes of income inequality that have the greatest impact Mastrianna says are first, education. Education or lack in that locationof has a great effect on income inequality. In 2007, the median incomes of a extravagantly school dropout were $22,256, compared to $31.408 for a high school graduate and $51,324 for an individual with a unmarried mans degree. Over a work life an individual with a bachelors degree can earn at least one million dollars more than than a high school drop out (base d on 2007 dollars).Employment opportunities have withal shifted toward medical, business, and other services that disproportionately employ college graduates. Rapid employment in restaurants and retailing explain the low wages of high school graduates. (Pgs. 189, 190) Second is technology, Mastrianna says that the use of computers in the workplace has increased and the estimate is that over 55 % of the labor force now uses computers on the job. These doers earn an average of 10-20 % more in wages than those who do not. Highly educated employees are also more likely to adjust to computers complexities than less educated employees. Consequently, income inequality is increased as the economy is becoming more technologically efficient.According to the AeA, the average technology worker earns $79,500 compared to $42,400 for all private sectors which will widen the income gap as more bright people head toward the information economy. (Pg 190) Thirdly Mastrianna mentions unions stating t hat the decline in the fare of workers belonging to labor unions also contributes to income inequality. This decline in the organized workers is largely due to the loss in manufacturing jobs which leads to fewer jobs at a higher catch up with forcing many to work in lower paying service jobs which in make for adds to income disparity. (Pgs 190,191) Fourth, Mastrianna notes abilities. There are individuals that are gifted with talents such as the smarts to conk out doctors and lawyers, or have the physical abilities such as Tiger Woods to become a star athlete, or have artistic talents such as Angelina Jolie.These talents enable certain individuals to contribute substantially to total output but these high incomes have become a highly controversial issue during a time of income inequality. E special(a)ly when it comes to CEOs collecting high salaries, bonuses, and stock options even when their companies fail while laying off thousands of workers. (191) Fifth Mastrianna points out riches. Income from wealth is more unevenly distributed than income from labor he states. Wealth can be generated by its current owners as well as by previous generations by dint of inheritance. The Bureau of the Census estimates that 84% of the nations wealth is held by 20% of households. The collapse of the housing bubble left many households with negative household equity or in bankruptcy.Updated figures may show that this phenomenon has served to further increase the uneven distribution of wealth. (Pgs 191, 192) Finally Mastrianna states that discrimination plays a part in income inequality among the races and sexes. The U.S. Census Bureau indicated in 2007 that the median income of all white, non-Hispanic households was $54,920, while for blacks it was $33,916, and for Hispanic households it was $38,679. Asian and Pacific Islanders had the highest household medians with $66,103. The U.S. Census Bureau also indicates that females who worked year-round make $35,102 annually, c ompared to men who made $43,113.More often than not labor market discrimination is based on channeling groups of people into occupations for which they are considered suitable. Women and minorities are channeled into occupations that are uncommunicative for them. Such crowding increases the supply of labor in these handle, driving wages down. At the same time, wages are higher in the restricted fields because labor is minify. (Pgs 192 194) The condition of poverty is one extreme of income inequality and the remainder of this paper will compare another extreme the healthcare and the mortality rate of people due to their income inequality. According to doctors Alex Y. Chena and Jose J. Escare numerous studies have found that high-income Americans use more medical care than their low-income counterparts, irrespective of medical need.The methods engaged in these studies, however, make it difficult to evaluate differences in the degree of income-related inequality in utilization ac ross population subgroups. In this learn, the doctors derived a summary king to quantify income-related inequality in need-adjusted medical care expenditures and reported values of the index for adults and peasantren in the United States. They used the summary index of income-related inequality in expenditures developed by Wagstaff et al. The source of data for the study was the Household Component of the 1996-1998 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey, which contained somebody-level data on medical care expenditures, demographic characteristics, household income, and a wide array of health status measures.They used multivariate regression analysis to predict need-adjusted annual medical care expenditures per person by income level and used the predictions to calculate the indices of inequality. Separate indices were calculated for all working-age adults, seniors, and children ages 5 to 17. For all age groups, predicted expenditures per person, adjusted for medical need, generally inc reased as income rose. The index of inequality for all adults was +0.087 (95% confidence interval, +0.035, +0.139) for working-age adults, +0.099 (+0.046, +0.152) for seniors, +0.147 (+0.059, +0.235) and for children, +0.067 (+0.006, +0.128). Through their study they found that there exists income-related inequality in medical care expenditures in the United States, and it favors the wealthy.The inequality was highest among seniors despite Medicare, intermediate among working-age adults, and lowest among children. Sarah Glenn author of another article Income Inequality Linked to infirmary Readmission states that income inequality is linked to a greater risk of infirmary readmission but not to mortality. The finding that she speaks of came from a large study of older patients in the U.S. and was published in the British Medical Journal. Investigators said that over a three year research achievement that about 40,000 extra hospital admissions resulted from income inequality. Although the experts are not invokeive why there was no consistent crosstie between income inequality and mortality, they suggested that, over one month, readmission is more sensitive to social conditions than is mortality, and that an effect on mortality might have been observed had they extended the period of observation to one year.The article also states that scientists have known that income inequality is linked to a diversity of negative health consequences such as reduced life expectancy, higher infant mortality and poorer self-reported health. Previous research also in BMJ, demonstrated that there is also an association between low standards of child well-being and income inequality. In an article written by doctors Diane McLaughlin and Shannon Stokes they speak about whether or not minority racial concentration matters when it comes to income inequality and mortality. The study that they did examined the relationship in all counties in the United States to see if relationships fo und for states and metropolitan areas extended to smaller geographical areas and if the influence of minority racial concentration did affect the inequality-mortality link.The results of their study proved that the relationship between income inequality and minority concentration show that mortality is robust for counties in the United States. nonage concentration interacts with income inequality, resulting in higher mortality in counties with low inequality and a high percentage of Blacks than in counties with high inequality and a high percentage of Blacks. The research that has been done on income inequality on mortality offers 2 main pathways in which income inequality operates. First, Daly et al. 7 and Lynch et al. 5 posit that political units with highly unequal income distributions are less likely to have affordable housing, education, environmental protection, economic development, and other resources required for the health of their populations.This underinvestment has nega tive consequences for the health of poor and middle-class individuals. Second, as Daly et al. note inequitable income distribution may directly affect peoples perceptions of their social environment which may in turn have an impact on their health. 7(p319) This postulated psychosocial pathway linking health and mortality stems from conditions in highly equitable communities that result in lower social cohesion, inequities in social and political influence, and less willingness to participate in community activities.Further, Wilkinson argues that the impacts of inequality result less from the experience of inferior material conditions than from social meanings that individuals give to their flock and from the effects of stress on both the endocrine and immune systems. While the exact pathways through which income inequality influences mortality are still being defined, there is strong agreement that the determinants of health and mortality include factors beyond the level of the ind ividual. In conclusion, it seems that Mastrianna is correct in his theory a lack of education, not having special abilities or not being wealthy as well as being discriminated against does factor in on a persons income inequality. non only do these factors affect income inequality but they also affect a persons healthcare and in the case of high concentrations of blacks also affect the persons psychological and social views which can contribute to their mortality. I was sanely surprised as well to find in the study by Daly et al. that social relationships influence the health outcomes of adults as well as those social relationships should be taken as seriously as other risk factors that affect mortality.Myself having to deal with treatment for breast cancer can see how social relationships are very important as I am somewhat isolated and it makes me feel good to have social relationships through my online friends as well as with my healthcare professionals and social worker to bett er be able to cope in my situation as my family has not been there for me like I had hoped that they would be. Without that support from others I could become very depressed which could in turn affect my healthcare outcome.BIBLIOGRAPHYQualifying Income-Related Inequality in Healthcare Delivery in the United States Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams and Wilkins Retrieved on February 17, 2003 from http//www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/4640689?Glynn, Sarah. (February 15, 2003) Income Inequality Linked to Hospital Readmission Medical News Today Retrieved on February 17, 2013 from http//www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/256412.phpMastrianna, Frank V. (2010) Basic Economics. Mason. OH South-Western, Cengage Learning. Pp. 189 200McLaughlin, Diane K. PhD and Stokes, Shannon C. PhD (January 2002) Income Inequality and Mortality in US Counties Does Minority Racial Concentration government issue? Retrieved on February 17, 2013 from http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1447397/

Information system theory Essay

development system system describes about the theoretical knowledge of selective information processor sciences. It is system that process the knowledge related to a break danceicular study. The information system theories effectively contribute in creating, building, compiling, organizing and transferring data into the information to make fail results from the research. There be several IT theories that can be used to get good outcomes such as agency theory, game theory, organizational information bear upon theory and knowledge-based theory of the firm (Lerner, 2004). The data, information and knowledge are quite similar words that are used in the firm. All these words fetch different meaning due to their use in the IT theories (Nickerson & Zenger, 2004). Data refers to the records that are used to refer the statistical observation and collection of components. Thus, data is the collection of license that is used to record for the purpose of firm. On the other hand, inform ation is the process that is used in different forms. Generally, information is considered as the meaningful data that are appropriately converted and managed by the organizational managers with the use of conversion process. It is perceived as potentially signifying something and a process of informing that is used to develop sustainable resources. At the same time, knowledge describes about what someone knows, what they believe etc. intimacy is the relationship between data and its elements that are collected from the information. Thus, knowledge is square-toed collection of information that is useful for the organizational purpose to attain competitive advantage and superior performance. In a real world situation, it can be described that when anyone memorizes any information, then it combines the knowledge (Liew, 2007). Knowledge also has useful meaning for the information that is settled in the mind of a human. In computer phrasing, all the application contains stored knowled ge that is exercised by applicants. From the list of IT theories, knowledge-based theory of the firm is selected as an IT theory. This theory contains themost important strategic resource of the firm that is information. Information is the processed data that is converted into the data to use in a firm. The supporter of this theory argued that it is a quite difficult and socially complex theory to sustain competitive advantages and superior corporate performance from the market (Leonard & Swap, 2005). This theory is based on the heterogeneous knowledge and information of the firm. In this theory, the firm to pile strategic actions effectively uses knowledge. Information is gathered by the organization from the organizational people.The data is quite applicable in the knowledge-based theory of firm, because data is the important part of the organizational processes. These data are used by the organization to make identity, policies, routines, documents, systems for the organization and its employees. The data is recorded and reported by the organizational people (Leonard & Swap, 2005). The subordinates raise this data to its superior that is maintained by the top managers. For example, all the firms use the financial and accounting data to take further data. Strategic management is some other way that develops and expands the resource-based view of the firm (Levinson, 2007). Thus, it requires the data as well as information to improve the knowledge based on the resources. All three harm are different from each other due to use in the knowledge based management theory. It is because knowledge can be memorized, but data cannot be memorized since it is not properly managed by anyone. The knowledge provides the effective results by applying knowledge-based theory of firm. At the same time, organization uses the information by converting organizational data into information form (Liew, 2007).References1. Leonard, D. & Swap, W. (2005). The Knowledge Coach. HBS Wo rking Knowledge. Retrieved March 6, 2012 from http//hbswk.hbs.edu/item/4562.html.2. Lerner, V.S. (2004). Introduction to information systems theory concepts, formalism and applications. International Journal of Systems Science archive, 35 (7), 1-10. 3. Levinson, M. (2007). Knowledge Management Definition and Solutions. Retrieved March 6, 2012 fromhttp//www.cio.com/article/print/40343. 4. Liew, A. (2007). Understanding Data, Information, Knowledge And Their Inter-Relationships. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice, 8 (2), 1-8. 5. Nickerson, J.A. & Zenger, T.R. (2004) A Knowledge-Based Theory of the Firm The task Solving Perspective. Organization Science 00 (0), 1-16.

Sarah’s Scenario

That will put Sarah In a position to disobey her p atomic number 18nts rules of curfew. Socially, she is extroverted and thrives off of separate people. There are three factors that Influence her willing to go against her parents rules. These Include belonging, reckoning, and enhancing-self. She Is new and wants to belong too new crowd and fit In while trying to understand their outlook and ways of talking. With that, she Is likely to feel more worthy to the group and make her feel better about herself.According to chapter 16 of Learn Psychology, (20131 cognitive divergence Is a discomfort that someone experiences when putting ideas together that conflict with each other. Now in this situation, Sarah displays cognitive dissonance when she knows that she has no business going to anyones fellowship because if she does, she will miss her parents curfew. If Sarah chooses not to go to the company, she will miss out on having fun with her new friends. This is likely to give her a unco mfortable thought because she knows she does not need to go.And that is because she knows it will cause conflict with her parents. Sarah is being affected by a few behaviors in this situation. Conformity is when a somebody changes their ways and thoughts to be alike another persons. Sarah wants to go to this party because she never at pitched one before. She also wanted this new roof of individuals to continue to involve her and bid her to events. Plus she was afraid she would miss out on the fun had she not went. Sarah displays conformity by giving in to her friends beliefs because she went to the party anyway when she should not have.Then Sarah meets a boy named Jack at the party. As they talked, they learned they have quite a few things in common with each other. Jack and Sarah share some(prenominal) factors of attraction such as similarity, proximity, and physical attraction. If they do get to go on the date Jack invited her on, they are likely to enjoy themselves and get alon g well. They had a few similarities such as enjoying the same music or going to the same school. They also live In the same area nearby each other.Also, Jack Is clearly attracted to Sarah because he left her know that he thought she was beautiful. Because of these few factors, they surely have an Interest In each other romantically. Then two guys from the party get Into a pretty abrupt altercation and argument. Of course all the party goers have a piqued curiosity so they run outside to satisfy that need. Funny thing Is, no one stopped these two boys from fighting, That altercation ended up turning physical and again, no one of the party goers went o help the boys.Because of this physical altercation between the two boys, that group of popular kids used the bystander effect which means, people are slight likely are when they are alone. (Carter & Sifter, 2013, Chapter Chapter 16). What these kids ended up doing was leave. They all went home. What one of these kids could have done d ifferently is display diffusion of responsibility. That means a person has the tendency to be the responsible one and push the help factor amongst everyone else. Yet, not one child did, they ended up leaving the boys and everyone else there t the party..Sarah was likely going through the initial events of her evening because of her displays of conformity. She had a great deal of experience with social influences that evening. Questions are, if she had attended the party alone, would she have left the party by herself after the fight? Or would she have Just stayed there after the fight even if she had come alone? Sometimes people tend to do things differently when they are around other types of individuals. On this particular evening, Sarah and all her decisions were ultimately influenced by her peers all evening long.

Ducati Case Analysis Essay

Executive SummaryAs of twelvemonth 2000, global motorcycle grocery store is dominated by a handful of players. Nipp wholenessse manufacturers much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Honda, Yamaha, and Kawasaki ar deplor able cost players while Harley and Ducati be in the towering can of the spectrum and have been qualified to success full(a)y render themselves as a premium tick off. Harley dominates the police car pedal divide and is a in reality hygienic player in the US, where it has a big fan following and loyal customer bagful. n anetheless Ducati has been struggling to increase foodstuff sh atomic number 18 and pass off to Harleys level of profit margin that is highest in industry. Ducati is self discovering itself with Minoli to target right customer elements, retaining its snapper competencies and establishing its stake image for which Ducati stands for.Minolis consideration of get into into Harleys niche market of cruisers is an excellent choice for Ducatis future growth, as it reinforces the premium flagship of products that Ducati is noned for. We recommend Ducati develop a manoeuvres-cruiser motorbike that offers the riding style and comfort of a cruiser such as Harley Davidson, and yet be fast and nimble. We similarly recommend pass customization capabilities done Ducati.com and company-owned stores as hale as single franchise stores that would continue to offer the same legacy and brand association that Ducati loyalists prefer. The motorbike exit be tolld at E12,000 (USD 16,200) which is right in the range of Harleys custom cruiser motorbikes and go out take astep away from Ducatis current problem of sports bikes. This decease may take care a bit risky at first, but the fact that Ducatis R&D expenses lead be fairly low due to availability of high quality engines and giant supplier pussy this will non require significant peeled enthronization to the current setup.Additionally, the company will be able to entice cutting customers in a niche section with high margins and get a significant opportunity for gaining market share. Also, Introduction of these motorbikes in europium initially will also condense the possibility of a backlash from Harley who is the leader in the US market. Ducati can consequently expand to US once they have acquired some sales momentum. Ducati does not expect retaliation from the low-cost Japanese players as it is still positioning itself as a premium manufacturer. However, there is still possibility of new entrants or Japanese makers to introduce a knock-off dashl in which case Ducati will be able to detect itself on attributes including high surgery, customization, brand image and the prestige that it has historically enjoyed and is respected for in the industry as well as the global market.Evaluation of Global Motorcycle IndustryHonda, Yamaha, Suzuki, Kawasaki and few of high end premium manufactures that include BMW, Harley-Davidson, Triumph and Ducati comprised the Global motorcycle Industry. These manufacturers compete in different market segments and ask demographics ground on different attributes and styles of motorcycles across the product offerings. Our analysis of the industry is summarized using Porters Five Forces analysis ( introduce 1) Suppliers Recent trends in the motorcycle manufacturing have been leaning to struggleds outsourcing of most motorcycle components and the companies doing the last-place fabrication in-house. Most manufacturers have multiple choices of component suppliers that they may switch at will. This schema go aways them with high negotiation force-out, reduced fixed assets, and greater flexibility to meet changing market conditions quickly. However, the companies need strong commitment from their suppliers for a quicker turn roughly, efficiency and quality.Buyers Customers/end users have been categorized into different segments such as knee-down riders/fast riders, easy riders, hot rods/urba n riders, and weekend riders. These riders choose the bike trading floord on performance, lifestyle, function and comfort. A motorcycle is a highlydifferentiated product that is used for transport and has lots of alternatives or competitors, and for this reason buyer power is high. Customers have myriad of choices ranging from different styles of bikes such as sports, top-notch sports, off-road/dual purpose, cruisers, naked bikes, etc. to different brands including high end names such as BMW, Harley Davidson, Ducati, and low price options from Honda, Kawasaki, Suzuki, etc. Entry Barriers The motorcycle industry is very difficult to enter and compete in due to high capital investments spent on R&D, well-established relationships with suppliers, and strong brand loyalty and scholarship that has been established for decades.Motorcycles are becoming more and more technically advanced, which makes it very difficult for a new entrants to compete on a similar level without large amoun ts of capital and innovative differentiators. Rivals Rivalry amongst the eight major motorcycle manufacturers can be considered high. The total number of motorcycle manufacturers has declined dramatically, with solitary(prenominal) one major manufacturer remaining from the US. These major players are fierce competitors and are vying for market share based on the brand, style, attributes, service, and price (especially Japanese companies). As a result of such high competition inside the industry, manufacturers constantly need to improve inventions and functionality. Substitutes Lastly, several substitutes are available if we consider motorcycle only as a mechanism of transport.However, in many cases, a motorcycle is beyond a mere method of transportation as a curator in the case said, it is a perfect metaphor for ordinal century. Riding motorcycles provide a unique experience, and it has been a cultural icon as presented in a number of Hollywood movies. In this sense, threat of substitutes, which may be sports cars and move cars or other mode of transportation, could be considered fairly low. The following section describes changes in the industry and how that affects Ducati. Industry Changes & Implications on Ducati The industry is move on at a high pace today due to technological innovations, such as the interpolation of electronic components, advent of CNC and CAD technologies, advances in material science to introduce lighter and stronger composite materials. weapons-grade engine performance combined with lower emissions and fuel consumptions is rapidly changing the face of the industry and competition. there is also a push from the manufacturers to improvecomponents like sophisticated air assisted forks, mono seismic disturbance rear suspension, and front and rear disc brakes to meet the customers hunger for better quality as derived from market survey results and customer feedbacks. These technological changes and quality improvements are positi ve for Ducati who is abreast on its technological innovation and performance. Advanced engineering and state of the art technology have always been Ducatis strengths, as evident by the number of World Superbike Championships won by Ducati between 1990 and 2000 (8 victories). Lighter materials champion Ducati to unendingly improve its already superior performance and retain its position in the sports segment where it already has a strong defend.Additionally, the outsourcing of components and in-house assembly platform of manufacturing turns in favor of Ducati as most of Ducatis suppliers are concentrated in the Emilian district a major hub of specialised parts and components suppliers. Ducati typically enters into short-term contracts with its suppliers. Effectively, Ducati has enjoyed a strong hold on its supplier base which in turn has made them the most-efficient manufacturer in the industry and this outline will continue to provide them the flexibility and edge in design and sourcing of new components going forward.Ducatis Current StrategyFrederico Minoli, the CEO of Ducati, had two strategic goals in mind when he took over parallel digit growth and equaling Harley-Davidsons profit level of EBITDA margin of 20%, which was the highest in the industry. The challenge was break-dance within the company into polarized directions Engineers valued to continue company culture of high focalisation on product, and Minoli wanted to appeal to broader spectrum of customers and not just extreme riders. The following section provides our analysis of Ducatis current strategy using Strategy Diamond method (Exhibit 2). Arenas Ducati primarily offered performance bikes in sports and street category, which are mostly identified as Hyper-sport, Super-sport, Naked and Sport touring. They face tough competition from Japanese manufacturers such as Honda, Yamaha, Kawasaki and Suzuki, who have captured the lions share of the market.Research shows that a large number of new registrants are categorized under customs and small motorcycle segments with 32.7% and 22.9% market share respectively in 2000 (Case Exhibit 2). Ducati is lagging behindin this segment as far as the market share goes. In regards to geography, Ducati has statistical distribution through Italy, US, Germany, France, Japan, UK (Case Exhibit 14). Ducati currently attracts and retains young male knee down riders and racing aficionados who run Ducati with extreme performance and functionality, and recently there has been an increase in women customers (who comprise of 8% of their Monster line their most popular model). This could be a growing segment that Ducati has not yet considered. Lastly, Ducatis products are in the sports niche 41% to 54% of its customers own large bikes greater than 500cc. It gradually entered in sport touring category to address older customer base and also entered into accessories and apparel business by getting Gio.Ca.Moto which produces line of accessories fo r Ducati.Nonetheless, Ducatis limited editions in 1999 were icing on Ducatis portfolio. Vehicles Ducati has excellent engineers and designers who themselves are fanatics of the motorcycle- they are purist knee down riders, and have strong beliefs in speed, performance, and passion for races. Ducati invested a large proportion of their revenue enhancement in pattern new technology, development of products and human resource management. Ducatis core strengths including the Desmodromic valve distribution arrangement and the technical superiority of its engines, and their collaboration with other firms such as Lamborghini and Ferrari fueled Ducatis growth. Ducati advertises through specialized magazines and focus on the Italian style, history, young riders, and a sporty attitude.Ducati.com website used the internet as a vehicle, and sold 500 units of a limited edition in 31 minutes and 2,000 units in 10 days at different times, educated customers, and created awareness about its bran d, this has been a real win for Ducati. Differentiators Ducatis goal was to improve average quality of dealers and increase competence sales force unlike Japanese manufactures who utilized multi-franchise retailers to sell multiple brands with less specialized knowledge of products. Secondly unlike their competitors, they established Ducati clubs more or less 400 which allowed members to live at racing events and get inside access to teams. Ducati also participated in affectionate events and museum tours that has helped Ducati disseminate information about its history and brand which increased customer loyalty and helped acquire new ones.Ducati is heading in the right direction but is still far from Minolis vision to enable and foster dealersto connect with clubs more easily. Staging Minoli strategized Ducati to turn into a powerful brand and would move away from just competing with Japanese brands. Ducati decided to form museum instead of fixing the raining roof and thats one ke y factor in building the brand image of Ducati and sending the right signal to employees and customers. It then identifies the 5 core attributes that Ducati signifies technologically advanced engine, tubular trestle frame, Italian style and its unique engine sound. Ducati was able to reduce the time to market effort for all its new products utilizing their research centers muscle. Another important last Minoli took was entering into accessories and apparel producing business.This created the world of Ducati a very successful initiative to build on Ducati brand and strengthen its customer loyalty. Economic Logic Ducati is a premium brand that consumers appreciate and regard highly. The brand image and legacy allows Ducati to keep prices high and hence reap high profit margins on its motorbikes, accessories, apparel, etc. Ducati motorbike prices can max out at $21,895 compared to $14,350 for Harley Davidson, $9,500 for Triumph, and $9,300 for Honda. Also, its limited edition bikes w ere sold at world-wide price of E26,000 that made Ducati reap huge profit margins. Ducatis own selling and distribution process and make foring power of internet (Ducati.com) helped it retain most of its profit and have higher margins and they controlled their production costs by standardizing components, (eg only two crank case and 3 cylinder designs)..Recommendations and Specific ActionsArena We recommend Ducati to design and launch a custom sports-cruiser bike targeting sports bike fans, who would prefer the riding comfort, style, and customization of a cruiser. This new product is basically a fast motorbike that has a sports engine morphed into cruiser style chassis. We also recommend offering customization services to suit the style and needs of our individual customers. This will be introduced initially in Europe and eventually in the US and Asia. Europe is the market where Ducati has experience, design expertise, preferred supplier base, proximity to racing arenas, and as sociation with other world-renowned sporting car companies like Maserati and Lamborghini. Hence, building a strong foundation in Europe first provides the advantage that is very hard to imitate by others.Ourtarget segment is riders in the age group of 30-50 who like the comfort and the style of a cruiser, and yet prefer the power, speed, and especially the handling that is synonymous to a sports bike. Additionally, there is interest in customization especially for cruiser segment that we would like to exploit and offer as an added benefit to our customers. Furthermore, we will leverage light-weight design components (magnesium alloy frame, carbon fiber corpse and parts) to provide the performance edge needed in a sports bike. This will attract young riders as well as women, who typically prefer lightweight bikes. Vehicle Initial launch will focus on current Ducati owned stores. This will help us gauge customers response provide primordial feedback from Ducati loyalists, as well a s opportunity to attract customers using word-of-mouth advertising. Based on the feedback and learn from this rollout, we would be able to identify other possible locations to open new stores (combination of company owned and single-franchise dealers), jump from Italy, and then expanding out into the European sub-continent.We do not jut to open any new stores immediately, until the market picks up and demand is more than 25% of existing sales. The assumption is that any increase within 25% of sales volume can be managed via the existing stores. Any franchising will be done through single-franchise dealerships so as to maintain more control and emphasize quality. As a long-term plan, we also would like to add 10 new Ducati owned stores leased at strategically important cities around Europe, which would cost us E10M (E200K/year) over 5 years , and another E5M for maintenance (design, upkeep, staffing, taxes etc.) Differentiators Customers value Ducati for its brand, high performanc e engines, strong association with racing, Italian style, and the unique sound of its engine, among other things. We believe that our strategy will help maintain our core competencies and resources intact, while allowing us to expand into newer space as well.The customization services that we also plan to offer along with our product will be a value-add service to Ducati loyalists, which can be priced at a premium. These customization services include different body styles, paint schemes, accessories etc., which will benefit from the availability of the large pussycat of supplier base that we have local access to. This large and varied supplier base also provides Ducati with buying power and quick turn-around time of new designs. Advertising expenditure for Ducati abide bys to about trey times that of Harley in the year 2000 alone. About 14.5% of gross revenue is being spent on advertising, marketing and sales effort, close to about what we get in return as our net income. We do n ot plan to cut down on advertising and marketing but will have to come up creative, more cost effective ways to get our message out there to reach a broader spectrum of customers like Minoli envisioned.Using carry such as word-of-mouth, social-media, YouTube videos, collaboration with sports bike bloggers, commentators, and also drop and expanding Ducati fan/owners clubs are ways we can leverage cost-effective marketing techniques. Economic Logic Our R&D team (including HPE) already has several high-end performance engines that can be utilized in designing such a bike, hence we feel our major R&D expenses will be towards the design of the frame and body components. This will reduce our overall R&D spend, as compared to a full blown redesign/production of a new engine technology. Furthermore, we only need about E2M for R&D expenses E5M for CAPEX, leaving the remaining E12M for advertising. This CAPEX budget covers the special manufacturing capacity as well as assembly line expense s. We plan to leverage the existing network of suppliers by continuing to outsource.We forecast a sale of 3,300 bikes to be sold in the first year subsequentlyward launch (initially Europe only), priced at E12,000 ($16,200 per unit), assist Exhibit 3, which is 2% of the worldwide cruiser/custom motorbike market, where Harley is the leader. Ducati was able to sell about 3,500 units of its sports touring after launch, so we think that we should be able to meet this forecast of 3,300 for the new sports-cruiser hybrid. Thereafter, we project a 10% growth in sales in the 2nd year, and thereafter about 15% growth in the 3rd, 4th and 5th year. We are assuming that the life-span of a design is typically for 5 years thereafter, this design/model would be retired or bring forth obsolete. We would price the bike at about E12,000 so that it is not seen to be a cheap bike, while at the same time making sure it is not too expensive for Ducati fans to buy. At a discount rate of about 8% and an initial investment of E17M to launch the product in Europe, we anticipate a net return on investments of about E16.8M in 5 years.Major interior and immaterial RisksCurrently, there is no market research available that shows a segment in Europe and US who would like to have a hybrid cruiser that drives as asports bike. The retail chain and distribution channels available in Europe and the US are perhaps more familiar with Harley-Davidson dominating the cruiser segment, and the Japanese players competing in both the cruiser and the sports segment in Europe. Ducati is a world renowned Italian sports bike brand and although we are positive that we will have considerable success in carving out a sizable market segment with this new product we plan to launch, there is always a risk in going after a new market segment, especially a niche segment. Significant capital would have to be invested to arrange ad campaigns, events, retail chains to raise awareness, all before a dime is earned. Internal Risks Ducatis expertise lies in the sports bike arena, and it has never offered a cruiser style motorbike.The needs of this customer segment are definitely different than the sports bike segment, and it is possible that Ducati could run short on delivering a product that meets the needs of the segment itis targeting. Ducati may not unavoidably have the skills or the expertise to provide this sort of value to its customers. Translating and adapting its core skill-set to a different model type to develop a product more aligned with the cruiser model is not going to be easy. Also, this move could upset hard core Ducati fans, who would not want Ducati to be associated to anything other than sport bikes. Ducati could possibly risk losing their loyal fan base, if it were to substitute into bike-variants other than sports. Diversifying too far from what Ducati is known for also puts the reputation and prestige of the company and its engineers who have become respected and well-k nown in the industry for making high quality performance bikes.The technical excellency and performance that Ducati is so well-known for around the world could well be seen to become diluted by moving into a cruiser bike segment which historically has been associated with a different demographic segment altogether. Yet, by carefully positioning this new product to be a sports bike at its core and by re-establishing our commitment to producing high-quality performance bikes that we have come to be known for, we could potentially re-assure our current fans. External Risks Harley Davidson has dominated the custom cruiser segment for years with a very loyal fan base and supplier chain. Ducatis entrance in this segment will be seen as an aggressive move by Harley, and Ducati must be prepared for some backlash. Harley has a strong network of suppliers, and distribution channels in theUS, and has set high entry barriers for Ducati in the US market. Ducatis suppliers are primarily placed i n Bologna, and hence Ducati has enjoyed the benefit of being in close proximity to a large pool of supplier base and component manufacturers. Going with sports cruiser hybrid could mean that Ducati may need to establish relationships with a whole new set of suppliers based out of the US.US suppliers might not necessarily have a sense of the Italian style, a core value that the product provides. Therefore, we do not plan to enter the US market just yet, thereby preventing getting ourselves into a face-face with Harley. Once we build some credibility with customers in Europe, where we have a strong supplier base, and a decent distribution channel, we could potentially launch in the US in 2-3 years time frame based on the success of this launch. European markets have been dominated by Japanese players in sales volume, and entering the market could prompt them to bring out a competing product of their own, which could eat into the market share that Ducati is hoping to grab with this hyb rid.If Ducati does not differentiate its product and service offerings enough, there is a risk of being dragged into a price war with the Japanese. However, this is the arena where Ducati shines and has made its name- superb performance, exquisite design, and the racing dominance. By strategically positioning our product for a whole new segment of customers Ducati can protect itself from appearing to start a war. By providing additional customization services, which would be charged at a high premium, we separate ourselves by going after an sense of hearing who is not a typical low-cost Japanese bike buyer. BMW successfully launched and defined its own cruiser and so can DucatiExhibit 3 Projected SalesYearUnit Sales offshootUnits SoldPrice/Unit (in Euros)Total RevenueEBITDA0-17,000,00013,30012,00039,600,0006,930,000210%3,63012,00043,560,0007,623,000315%4,17512,00050,094,0008,766,450415%4,80112,00057,608,10010,081,418515%5,52112,00066,249,31511,593,630NPV16,862,800